PIOCO and Nursing Evidence Based Practice

Question: Make a Design for Change proposition comprehensive of your PICO and proof examination data from your Capstone Project. Answer: Presentation: In a way to deal with address the key necessities of this specific task an activity will be in a matter of seconds embraced wherein a John Hopkins Nursing Evidence-based Practice model will be applied to break down a planned PICO question. The case of a clinic of Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia have been refered to wherein the regulatory and the clinical group has underlined on social event pertinent data related with the agony the executives of the in critical condition grown-up populace. Center was likewise given to comprehend whether morphine in contrast with different opiates is increasingly powerful in torment the executives wherein an expanded portion of morphine can create a positive result. Henceforth the data absorbed was comprehensive of database, diaries that was additionally trailed by evaluation at an authoritative level. The Practice question: Following a broad data osmosis and evaluation the clinical group and the regulatory units of the concerned emergency clinic sent a training question that has been planned in arrangement with the PICO responsible structure. The training question is as per the following: PICO question is as per the following: In older grown-ups with a terminal disease are opiates of Morphine bound to expand their resilience and afterward bring about the requirement for increment portions of morphine? Old Adults with terminal sickness Diverse agony control technique, for example, Methadone Fluid Morphine (Roxanol) Less requirement for expanded dosages of Morphine Proof: The EBP colleagues were found to play out a broad writing search with the assistance of different online pursuit databases to be specific Pub Med, Science Direct and Cochrane utilizing the catchphrases like morphine, Liquid morphine or Roxanol, Methadone and torment the executives in critically ill grown-ups. The data that was found to hold up under importance with the subject of appraisal were additionally passed on to the concerned clinics. In addition on location preparing was likewise directed in the concerned medical clinic by the EBPO group to improve the nursing mediations abilities of the attendants related with torment the executives of the in critical condition grown-up patients. In this way alluding to the data assembled through broad writing search positive results of methadone application in contrast with viability of fluid morphine or Roxanol is apparent as a superior torment the executives instrument for the in critical condition understanding. Henceforth in understanding to the confirmations assembled a few proposals are referenced beneath can convey positive wellbeing result for the concerned patient: Methadone can be a recommended as a medication for diminishing the agony force in the terminal grown-up patients as this medication being exceptionally lipophilic in nature is retained quickly The use of methadone is prescribed on the grounds that contrasted with morphine this medication is without any dynamic metabolites and henceforth don't have any noteworthy effect on hepatic digestion process. As methadone has as N-methyl-D Aspartate (NMDA) receptor rival this specific property is seen as critical with decreased affinity to create narcotic resilience contrasted with morphine the medication is enthusiastically suggested for the patients with neuropathic torment. Utilization of methadone is likewise prescribed to patients with non-dangerous torment disorder. Likewise to out of commission patients and furthermore in patients with allodynia and are not fit for oral admission of prescriptions contrasted with transdermal utilization of morphine methadone is proposed. As methadone is found to deliver long impact of activity whenever applied through rectal organization, the medical caretakers should get familiar with the powerful application abilities in this regard. It is additionally suggested that the attendants ought to obtain legitimate preparing and comprehend the noteworthiness of portion for methadone application. Interpretation: In consistence with the John Hopkins Nursing Evidence Based Practice Model the concerned medicinal services group and the nursing experts of the refered to emergency clinic has additionally considered being developed of a torment appraisal instrument wherein certain nursing mediations has been joined as rules. The agony appraisal scales considered for this situation are 0-10 Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Visual Analog Scale, Verbal Pain Intensity Scale, Neuropathy Pain Scale and Descriptor Differential Scale. Moreover a pilot study was additionally chosen to be directed for the monetary year 2016 including 50 in critical condition grown-up patients conceded in the clinic for the examination. In this manner both the confirmations accumulated and the pilot study asserted better result of use of methadone contrasted with that of fluid morphine that was powerful for decreasing the force of torment in the in critical condition patients. End: The examination and writing survey was found to effectively address the prerequisites of the PICO question created and noteworthy association and energy was clear among the nursing experts of the concerned clinic. Subsequently the related staffs of the Royal Adelaide Hospital understood the operational adequacy and down to earth plausibility of the John Hopkins Nursing Evidence based Practice Model. References: American Nurses Association. (2015). Nursing: Scope and guidelines of training (third ed.). Silver Spring, MD. Creator Chamberlain College of Nursing. (2016) NR-451 Week 2: The clinical inquiry. [Online lesson]. Killjoys Grove, IL: DeVry Education Group. Dearholt, S. L., Dang, D. (2014). Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice: Model and Guidelines (second ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Sigma Theta Tau International Gardiner, C., Gott, M., Ingleton, C., Hughes, P., Winslow, M., Bennett, M. (2012). Perspectives of Health Care Professionals to Opioid Prescribing in End-of-Life Care: A Qualitative Focus Group Study.Journal Of Pain And Symptom Management,44(2), 206-214. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.09.008 Love, R. Average, K. (2014). Topical Methadone: An Alternative for Pain Control in End-of-Life Management.Journal Of Palliative Medicine,17(2), 128-128. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2013.0517 Manfredonia, J. (2005). Endorsing Methadone for Pain Management in End-of-Life Care.The Journal Of The American Osteopathic Association,105(3_suppl), 18S-21S. Recovered from https://jaoa.org/article.aspx?articleid=2093089 Porteous, A., Robson, P., Lee, M. (2013). End-of-Life Management of Patients Who Have Been Established on Oral Methadone for Pain Control.Journal Of Palliative Medicine,16(8), 820-820. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2013.0048

Sequences on SAT Math Complete Strategy and Review

Successions on SAT Math Complete Strategy and Review SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips A progression of numbers that follows a specific example is known as a succession. Some of the time, each new term is found by including or deducting a specific consistent, at times by duplicating or separating. Inasmuch as the example is the equivalent for each new term, the numbers are said to lie in an arrangement. Grouping addresses will have various moving parts and pieces, and you will consistently have a few unique choices to browse so as to take care of the issue. We’ll stroll through all the techniques for comprehending grouping questions, just as the advantages and disadvantages for each. You will probably observe two succession inquiries on some random SAT, so remember this as you locate your ideal harmony between time systems and retention. This will be your finished manual for SAT succession problemsthe kinds of groupings you’ll see, the commonplace arrangement addresses that show up on the SAT, and the most ideal approaches to take care of these sorts of issues for your specific SAT test taking techniques. What Are Sequences? You will see two unique sorts of arrangements on the SATarithmetic and geometric. A math arrangement is a grouping wherein each progressive term is found by including or taking away a steady worth. The contrast between each termfound by deducting any two sets of neighboring termsis called $d$, the basic distinction. 14, 11, 8, 5†¦ is a math arrangement with a typical contrast of - 3. We can discover the $d$ by taking away any two sets of numbers in the arrangement, inasmuch as the numbers are close to each other. $11 - 14 = - 3$ $8 - 11 = - 3$ $5 - 8 = - 3$ 14, 17, 20, 23... is a math succession wherein the basic distinction is +3. We can discover this $d$ by again taking away combines of numbers in the arrangement. $17 - 14 = 3$ $20 - 17 = 3$ $23 - 20 = 3$ A geometric arrangement is a succession of numbers wherein each new term is found by increasing or separating the past term by a consistent worth. The contrast between each termfound by separating any neighboring pair of termsis called $r$, the normal proportion. 64, 16, 4, 1, †¦ is a geometric arrangement wherein the regular proportion is $1/4$. We can discover the $r$ by isolating any pair of numbers in the grouping, inasmuch as they are close to each other. $16/64 = 1/4$ $4/16 = 1/4$ $1/4 = 1/4$ Ready...set...let's discussion grouping recipes! Grouping Formulas Fortunately for us, groupings are altogether normal. This implies we can utilize recipes to discover any bit of them we pick, for example, the principal term, the nth term, or the whole of every one of our terms. Do remember, however, that there are advantages and disadvantages for retaining equations. Prosformulas furnish you with a speedy method to discover your answers. You don't need to work out the full arrangement by hand or invest your constrained test-taking energy counting your numbers (and conceivably entering them wrong into your mini-computer). Consit can be anything but difficult to recall a recipe mistakenly, which would be more terrible than not having an equation by any stretch of the imagination. It additionally is a cost of mental aptitude to retain recipes. In the event that you are somebody who wants to work with recipes, unquestionably feel free to learn them! Be that as it may, in the event that you loathe utilizing equations or stress that you won't recall them precisely, at that point you are still in karma. Most SAT arrangement issues can be settled longhand in the event that you have the opportunity to save, so you won't need to fret about retaining your equations. That all being stated, it’s imperative to comprehend why the equations work, regardless of whether you don't plan to remember them. So let’s investigate. Number juggling Sequence Formulas $$a_n = a_1 + (n - 1)d$$ $$Sum erms = (n/2)(a_1 + a_n)$$ These are our two significant number juggling succession equations. We’ll take a gander at them each in turn to perceive any reason why they work and when to utilize them on the test. Terms Formula $a_n = a_1 + (n - 1)d$ This equation permits you to locate any individual bit of your math sequencethe first term, the nth term, or the regular contrast. To start with, we’ll take a gander at why it works and afterward take a gander at certain issues in real life. $a_1$ is the primary term in our succession. Despite the fact that the grouping can go on unendingly, we will consistently have a beginning stage at our first term. (Note: you can likewise dole out any term to be your first term in the event that you have to. We’ll take a gander at how and why we can do this in one of our models.) $a_n$ speaks to any missing term we need to segregate. For example, this could be the fourth term, the 58th, or the 202nd. So for what reason accomplishes this recipe work? Envision that we needed to locate the second term in a grouping. Well each new term is found by including the normal distinction, or $d$. This implies the subsequent term would be: $a_2 = a_1 + d$ What's more, we would then locate the third term in the grouping by adding another $d$ to our current $a_2$. So our third term would be: $a_3 = (a_1 + d) + d$ Or on the other hand, as it were: $a_3 = a_1 + 2d$ In the event that we continue onward, the fourth term of the sequencefound by adding another $d$ to our current third termwould proceed with this example: $a_4 = (a_1 + 2d) + d$ $a_4 = a_1 + 3d$ We can see that each term in the arrangement is found by including the principal term, $a_1$, to a $d$ that is increased by $n - 1$. (The third term is $2d$, the fourth term is $3d$, and so on.) So since we know why the recipe works, let’s see it in real life. Presently, there are two different ways to fathom this problemusing the recipe, or just checking. Let’s take a gander at the two techniques. Strategy 1arithmetic arrangement equation In the event that we utilize our recipe for number juggling groupings, we can discover our $a_n$ (for this situation $a_12$). So let us just module our numbers for $a_1$ and $d$. $a_n = a_1 + (n - 1)d$ $a_12 = 4 + (12 - 1)7$ $a_12 = 4 + (11)7$ $a_12 = 4 + 77$ $a_12 = 81$ Our last answer is B, 81. Technique 2counting Since the distinction between each term is ordinary, we can find that distinction by essentially adding our $d$ to each progressive term until we arrive at our twelfth term. Obviously, this technique will take somewhat more time than just utilizing the recipe, and it is anything but difficult to forget about your place. The test producers know this and will give answers that are a couple of spots off, so make a point to keep your work sorted out with the goal that you don't succumb to trap answers. To start with, line up your twelve terms and afterward fill in the spaces by adding 7 to each new term. 4, 11, 18, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___ 4, 11, 18, 25, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___ 4, 11, 18, 25, 32, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___ Etc, until you get: 4, 11, 18, 25, 32, 39, 46, 53, 60, 67, 74, 81 Once more, the twelfth term is B, 81. Entirety Formula $Sum erms = (n/2)(a_1 + a_n)$ Our subsequent math arrangement equation reveals to us the whole of a lot of our terms in a succession, from the main term ($a_1$) to the nth term ($a_n$). Fundamentally, we do this by duplicating the quantity of terms, $n$, by the normal of the principal term and the nth term. For what reason accomplishes this equation work? Well let’s take a gander at a number juggling arrangement in real life: 10, 16, 22, 28, 34, 40 This is a number juggling arrangement with a typical contrast, $d$, of 6. A perfect stunt you can do with any math grouping is to take the total of the sets of terms, beginning from the exterior in. Each pair will have the equivalent precise entirety. So you can see that the entirety of the succession is $50 * 3 = 150$. As such, we are taking the entirety of our first term and our nth term (for this situation, 40 is our sixth term) and increasing it by half of $n$ (for this situation $6/2 = 3$). Another approach to consider it is to take the normal of our first and nth terms${10 + 40}/2 = 25$ and afterward increase that esteem by the quantity of terms in the sequence$25 * 6 = 150$. In any case, you are utilizing a similar essential equation. How you like to think about the condition and whether you favor $(n/2)(a_1 + a_n)$ or $n({a_1 + a_n}/2)$, is totally up to you. Presently let’s take a gander at the equation in real life. Kyle began a new position as a telemarketer and, consistently, he should make 3 more calls than the day past. On the off chance that he made 10 calls his first day, and he meets his objective, what number of all out calls does he make in his initial fourteen days, on the off chance that he works each and every day? 413 416 426 429 489 Similarly as with practically all succession inquiries on the SAT, we have the decision to utilize our equations or do the difficult longhand. Let’s attempt the two different ways. Technique 1formulas We realize that our equation for math arrangement totals is: $Sum = (n/2)(a_1 + a_n)$ In any case, we should initially discover the estimation of our $a_n$ so as to utilize this equation. By and by, we can do this by means of our first number juggling succession equation, or we can discover it by hand. As we are as of now utilizing equations, let us utilize our first recipe. $a_n = a_1 + (n - 1)d$ We are informed that Kyle makes 10 calls on his first day, so our $a_1$ is 10. We additionally realize that he makes 3 additional calls each day, for an aggregate of 2 entire weeks (14 days), which implies our $d$ is 3 and our $n$ is 14. We have every one of our pieces to finish this first equation. $a_n = a_1 + (n - 1)d$ $a_14 = 10 + (14 - 1)3$ $a_14 = 10 + (13)3$ $a_14 = 10 + 39$ $a_14 = 49$ What's more, since we have our incentive for $a_n$ (for this situation $a_14$), we can finish our total recipe. $(n/2)(a_1 + a_n)$ $(14/2)(10 + 49)$ $7(59)$ $413$ Our last answer is A, 413. Strategy 2longhand Then again, we can tackle this issue by doing it longhand. It will take somewhat more, however along these lines likewise conveys less danger of erroneously recall our recipes. As usual, how you decide to tackle these issues is totally up to you. To start with, let us work out our arrangement, starting with 10 and adding 3 to every aftereffect number, until we locate our nth (fourteenth) term. 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 43, 46, 49 Presently, we can either include them up all by hand$10 + 13 + 16 + 19 + 22 + 25 + 28 + 31 + 34 + 37 + 40 + 43 + 46 + 49 = 413$ Or then again we can utilize our number juggling succession entirety stunt a

Blog Archive GMAT Impact Developing Your GMAT Study Plan

Blog Archive GMAT Impact Developing Your GMAT Study Plan With regard to the GMAT, raw intellectual horsepower helps, but it is not everything. In this blog series, Manhattan Prep‘s  Stacey Koprince  teaches you how to perform at your best on test day by using some common sense. Help! I need to get ready for the GMATâ€"where do I even start? You need to make a few major decisions at the beginning, starting with this one: do you want to study on your own, take a class, or work with a private tutor? Each path has its advantages and disadvantages;  this article  can help you decide. Next, if you take a class or work with a tutor, then your teacher will give you a study plan, at least for the length of time that you are working together. If not, you will have to  devise your own study plan. This will take some effort, but it is not rocket scienceâ€"if you are thoughtful and thorough, you can put together a very good study plan. I want to point out a couple of highlights from the study plan article. First, you need to know your goal and your starting point; if you do not know what level you are at right now or what score you are trying to achieve, then putting together a good study plan is impossible. Second, you are going to need study materials that fall into three broad categories: (1) test content and methodology (what to study and how to study), (2) practice questions (best source: Official Guide and other official practice question materials), and (3) practice tests. Finally, make sure that you know  how  to study/learn in an efficient and effective manner. Hint: doing 2,000 practice problems does NOT equal “efficient and effective.” Nor does taking a practice test every three days, or even every week. Read the article for more! Share ThisTweet GMAT Impact Blog Archive GMAT Impact Developing Your GMAT Study Plan When it comes to the GMAT, raw intellectual horsepower helps, but it is not everything. In this weekly blog series,  Manhattan GMAT’s  Stacey Koprince  teaches you how to perform at your best on test day by using some common sense. Help! I need to get ready for the GMATâ€"where do I even start? You need to make a few major decisions at the beginning, starting with this one: do you want to study on your own, take a class or work with a private tutor? Each path has its advantages and disadvantages; this article can help you decide. Next, if you take a class or work with a tutor, then your teacher will give you a study plan, at least for the length of time that you are working together. If not, you will have to devise your own study plan. This will take some effort, but it is not rocket scienceâ€"if you are thoughtful and thorough, you can put together a very good study plan. I want to point out a couple of highlights from the Study Plan article. First, you need to know your goal and your starting point; if you do not know what level you are at right now or what score you are trying to achieve, then putting together a good study plan is impossible. Second, you are going to need study materials that fall into three broad categories: (1) test content and methodology (what to study and how to study), (2) practice questions (best source: Official Guide and other official practice question materials) and (3) practice tests. Finally, make sure that you know how to study/learn in an efficient and effective manner. Hint: doing 2,000 practice problems does NOT equal “efficient and effective.” Nor does taking a practice test every three days, or even every week. Read the article for more! Share ThisTweet GMAT Impact Blog Archive GMAT Impact Developing Your GMAT Study Plan With regard to the GMAT, raw intellectual horsepower helps, but it is not everything. In this blog series,  Manhattan Prep’s  Stacey Koprince  teaches you how to perform at your best on test day by using some common sense. Help! I need to get ready for the GMATâ€"where do I even start? You need to make a few major decisions at the beginning, starting with this one: do you want to study on your own, take a class, or work with a private tutor? Each path has its advantages and disadvantages;  this article  can help you decide. Next, if you take a class or work with a tutor, then your teacher will give you a study plan, at least for the length of time that you are working together. If not, you will have to  devise your own study plan. This will take some effort, but it is not rocket scienceâ€"if you are thoughtful and thorough, you can put together a very good study plan. I want to point out a couple of highlights from the study plan article. First, you need to know your goal and your starting point; if you do not know what level you are at right now or what score you are trying to achieve, then putting together a good study plan is impossible. Second, you are going to need study materials that fall into three broad categories: (1) test content and methodology (what to study and how to study), (2) practice questions (best source: Official Guide and other official practice question materials), and (3) practice tests. Finally, make sure that you know  how  to study/learn in an efficient and effective manner. Hint: doing 2,000 practice problems does not equal “efficient and effective.” Nor does taking a practice test every three days, or even every week. Read the article for more! Share ThisTweet GMAT Impact

Essay about Coffee Supply, Demand and Price Elasticity

Coffee Supply, Demand, and Price Elasticity Team B: Walelia Naholowa’a, Priscilla Swanson, Delniece Williams, Nigel Sturge ECO/212 Robert Coates February 26, 2012 Coffee Supply, Demand, and Price of Elasticity Statistics show that over half of the American population consumes coffee on a daily basis. You may drink coffee hot, cold, mixed, or even in a frappuccino. Individuals are able to make coffee at home, or buy it on the go. Coffee provides people with caffeine, which ultimately gives energy for hardworking people all around the world. The main focus for this paper will cover the following topics, with coffee as the basis: causes for shifts in supply and demand, how coffee supply and demand influence price, quantity,†¦show more content†¦Changes in the equilibrium price and quantity depend on exactly how the curves shift (Berkeley University, n.d.). How supply and demand influence price, quantity, and market equilibrium These shifts in supply and demand would influence price, quantity, and market equilibrium because of the natural disasters, shift in prices or speculation the supply of coffee decreases, which would cause a significant product shortage for consumers. Due to a shortage, consumers would to pay higher prices in order to purchase coffee and all coffee producers would then demand a higher price in order to produce more products. Higher prices are beneficial to the producers of the product, but consumer would purchase fewer products. Lower product pricing would discourage coffee production, but would benefit consumers. Both supply and demand would balance consumption, which is demand and production, which is supply. Market speculation would also drive the price of coffee up or down. For instance a study issued by the Harvard medical school in August 2004 states that â€Å"coffee consumed in moderation is safe and offers health benefits such as lowering the risk of gallstones and type two diabetes, and reduced cancer risk for women.† This speculation because of the health benefits publish may drive the market price of coffee.Show MoreRelatedSupply, Demand and Price Elasticity of Coffee1001 Words   |  5 Pagesoften have is: where is the coffee? The price of coffee fluctuates no matter what quantity is sold. The following paper will discuss what makes the price of coffee rise and what consumers do when the price is more than they are willing to pay. Many factors are taken into consideration when the price of coffee is being determined. The main two factors are the supply that is demanded and the availability of substitutes, which will be discussed below. Coffee is a commodity enjoyed allRead MoreThe Supply And Demand Curve951 Words   |  4 PagesA shift on the supply and demand curve will subsequently effect pricing, an example of this is the increase of coffee supply in 1998. Using data collected by the ICO, it is found that supply of coffee increased from 99,550 (in thousand 60 kg bags) in 1997/8 to 108,858 (in thousand 60 kg bags) in 1998/9. This can be explained due to an increase in suppliers with the addition of Yemen, Guyana and Loa, this will affect total production by increasing coffee producing countries, whilst simultaneouslyRead MoreDemand Curve, Supply Curve Equilibrium. The Demand Curve995 Words   |  4 PagesDemand Curve, Supply Curve Equilibrium The demand curve can be shown in a graph and it reflects the relationship between the price and amount of a commodity that people are able and willing to buy at a set price. The demand curve slopes downward because are more prone to buying a good as the price declines. For example, coffee drinkers may be willing to buy more cups of Starbucks coffee if a medium cup of regular coffee sells for $1.49 versus $2.10. Instead of buying one cup a day they may buyRead MorePrice Elasticity and Supply Demand Price Elasticity and Supply Demand1382 Words   |  6 PagesAssociate Level Material Appendix B Price Elasticity and Supply Demand Fill in the matrix below and describe how changes in price or quantity of the goods and services affect either supply or demand and the equilibrium price. Use the graphs from your book and the Tomlinson video tutorials as a tool to help you answer questions about the changes in price and quantity Event Market affected by event Shift in supply, demand, or both. Explain your answer. Change in equilibrium Frozen orangeRead MoreMarket Trends And Demand For Coffee Essay1398 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals consume 66 percent of the world s coffee and spend half of their nonessential income on fast food, and specialty coffees. Thus, according to the Specialty Coffee Association of America reported, that the retail sales in coffee reached 17,400 in 2003 which was an increase of 4 percent more than in 2002. Thus, the market for specialty â€Å"coffee grew from $7.53 billion in 1999 to $8.96 billion in 2003† (Holmes, 2012). Even the gross revenue of specialty coffee rose from 9 percent in 2000 to 16 percentRead MoreThe Global Coffee Market: Demand and Supply Conditions911 Words   |  4 PagesBackground Coffee has long been one of the most sought-after commodities. Spreading north from Ethiopia and Yemen, coffee first gained popularity in the Arab world as a stimulant drug that was not banned in the Quran. It arrived in Europe via the Ottoman Empire and quickly became a drug of choice not just in Europe but in the area that the European cultures colonized. Production of coffee soon spread around the world, particularly in regions colonized by the French and Spanish. As a result, itRead MoreThe Price Of Coffee Prices1551 Words   |  7 Pagesthat determine the supply of the products and detail the future outlook of the supply curve. To ensure compliance with Starbuck’s rigorous coffee standards, Starbuck’s controls coffee purchasing, roasting, and packaging, and the global distribution of coffee used in their operations. Starbuck’s purchases green coffee beans from multiple coffee-producing regions around the world and custom roasts them. The price of coffee is subject to significant volatility. Supply and price can be affected byRead MoreCoffee Consumption in USA1265 Words   |  5 PagesSynopsis National coffee drinking trends statistics in 2012 shows a tremendous increase in the consumption of coffee in the country. The data show a general increase in all demographics consumption behaviors. Significant increase is in age groups 18 to 39 with the largest jump in consumption observed in gourmet coffee. The data from the national coffee association (NCA) show current behaviors of coffee consumption such as single cup brewing taking the lead in coffee taking style. Data collectionRead MoreHomework Ecn 2111655 Words   |  7 Pages Assume the demand for watermelons is downward sloping. A decrease in price from $3 per pound to $2 per pound [A] could have been caused by an increase in supply. [B] will cause an increase in supply. [C] will cause a smaller quantity of watermelons to be demanded. [D] will cause demand to decrease. [E] will cause demand to increase. 5. If the equilibrium price decreases and the equilibrium output decreases then what must have happened. A) Demand increased B)Read MoreStarbucks : A Global Coffee Company930 Words   |  4 Pagesglobal coffee company and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle, Washington since 1971. It is the largest coffeehouse company in the world ahead of UK rival Costa Coffee, with almost 21,366 stores in 63 countries. A recent survey says that in last 30 days 32 million people visited the store across the globe. Thus, it is a highly busy and in demand coffee shop. Here I am going to do microanalysis of Starbucks as a largest coffeehouse chain/industry in the world considering its demand and supply in the

Etiology of Pediatric Obesity - 776 Words

Fast food, as an aspect of our cultural identity, alone, cannot be responsible for the epidemic of childhood obesity in the United States, as the behavior of children is largely reliant on the influences of their parents. Home and social environments, parenting styles, family-feeding practices are the primary influences on early childhood nutritional behaviors. Obesity is a serious and widespread health problem in only certain kinds of societies characterized by economic modernizations, food surplus, and social acceptance. GENETICS During adiposity, around 5 to 6 years of age, a child’s body fatness declines to a minimum before increasing into adulthood. A study conducted at Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound found evidence of normal weight children with at least one overweight parent at the time of adiposity rebound, is nearly 5 times as likely to be obese as an adult. However, if both parents are obese before the child reaches adiposity rebound, there is 13 times the risk of the child becoming an obese adult. Generally recognized as genetic predispositions, the causes of excess adiopsity may affect a variety of possible physiological processes, including basal metabolic rates. Individuals with â€Å"fat phenotypes† are likely to develop adult obesity but genetic inheritance does not cause obesity alone (Whitiker). PARENTING These obese parents are creating specific food environments for their children containing high fat, high-calorie, energy dense foods. High fat foodsShow MoreRelatedDr. Robert H Lustig Is A Professor Of Pediatrics In The874 Words   |  4 Pages Dr. Robert H Lustig is a professor of pediatrics in the division of endocrinology, in the California University. He lives in San Francisco with his with his family. He is also a director of the weight assessment for the teen and child health program. He has basic clinical training on the development of hypothalamic, function and anatomy. He worked St. Jude children’s research hospital in Memphis. He has explored the roles of fructose as a mediator of chronic diseases and continued consumptionRead More Health Risks and Obesity Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesObesity has become the silent killer in American society. It is a risk factor for numerous chronic diseases including the four leading causes of death. Obesity can be li nked to stroke, heart disease, cancer and diabetes, all serious health problems that can be fatal. Obesity is linked to 300,000 deaths annually in the industrial world (Flamholz, 2001). Often in society and in the medical community there exists a lack of understanding that obesity is in fact a disease and needs attention, otherwiseRead MoreNon-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease1779 Words   |  8 Pagesthe next decade. This chronic disease is obesity. Along with the rise of obesity among youth, there is a new silent killer linked to childhood obesity. This new chronic disease, typically found in alcoholics, is now becoming prevalent in obese children and is called non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is defined as a liver disease in people who have not consumed alcohol in significant amounts to cause liver damage, and in whom no other etiology for fatty liver is present (Prashant, 2007Read MoreBeing A Physician Since My Childhood755 Words   |  4 Pagesand clinical course of various diseases. Working with underserved population, heart breaking sadness, deaths and miracles made me more compassionate, interactive, humane and empathetic. Almost 38-40 % of world’s population comprises of infant and pediatrics and my country is not an exception. Poor and false belief toward immunization, hygiene, improper diet and unhealthy life style made a large section for infectious disease and other chronic morbidities. During my internship at my hometown I startedRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem1378 Words   |  6 PagesDid you know that obesity has become such a ‘growing’ quandary that for the first time ever today’s children are expected to have a life expectancy that is shorter than their parents (Gance-Cleveland, Gilbert, Kopanos, Gilbert, 2009, p. 72)? Obesity in children and adolescents has become a worldwide epidemic, increasing every year. In fact, childhood obesity in the United States (US) has increased to 17%, which has nearly tripled the prevalence of obesity in the last three decades (Center forRead MoreAdvances and Advocacy in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke3088 Wo rds   |  12 Pagesdiscussed with respect to their results regarding the increase in incidence of stroke in young adults of different age groups. Agrawal, Nidhi; Johnston, S. Claiborne; Wu, Yvonne W.; Sidney, Stephen; Fullerton, Heather, J. Imaging Data Reveal a Higher Pediatric Stroke Incidence Than Prior US Estimates. Stroke. 17 September 2009. American Heart Association, Inc. 29 April 2011. . This paper is important as it discusses the incidence and risk factors of stroke in children and newborns. The significanceRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effect On The Health Of Human Beings Essay1354 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: CHILDHOOD OBESITY​​1 Childhood Obesity Name: Institution: Date:  Childhood Obesity Introduction Obesity is unusual or excessive fat accumulation that affects the health of human beings. It is connected with disorders such as hypertension and diabetes. Obesity is also a state of imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Moreover, genetics plays a greater role in the etiology of obesity with the tendency of increasing weight easily until it exceeds 10% than recommendedRead MoreSocial Determinants of Childhood Obesity Essay example1265 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity fast becoming a worldwide epidemic, and according to the Bureau of Statistics (cited in Browne 2012, p.20), 23 per cent of children are overweight or obese in Australia. Browne (2012, p.20) suggests that by children being weighed regularly by their doctor, just as they were when they were babies and toddlers, it will help doctors and parents to closely monitor their weight. Although obesity is caused by an imbalance of the calories consumed with the output of energy through metabolismRead MoreThe Field Of Psychosocial Epidemiology Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesvariables associated with a chronic health condition. Obesity is a chronic health condition characterized by presence of excess of body fat. Obesity is measured by using Body Mass Index (BMI) in children 2 years of age and older. The BMI is calculated by the body weight (in kilograms) divided by the height squared in meters. In adults, a BMI between 25 and 30 kg/m2 is regarded as overweight and a BMI greater or equal to 30 kg/m2 is regarded as obese. Obesity in adults is subcategorized as class I (BMI ≠¥30Read MoreEtiology And Treatment Of Pediatric Medulloblastoma2013 Words   |  9 PagesEtiology and Treatment of Pediatric Medulloblastoma The three most common malignant pediatric tumors include retinoblastoma, gliablastoma, and medulloblastoma (Wechsler-Reya Scott, 2001). Medulloblastoma is a rapidly growing tumor found in the cerebellum; the part of the brain responsible for posture, balance, and complex motor functions such as swallowing and speech (American Brain Tumor Association [ABTA], 2014). There are five different types of medulloblastoma; classic, large-cell, desmoplastic

The Theme of Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream by William...

The Theme of Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare When love is in attendance it brings care, faith, affection and intimacy. This is proved true in the spectacular play A Midsummer Nights Dream written by William Shakespeare. This play displays the facts about lust, hatred, jealousy and their roles in something powerfully desirable. It is entitled love. Love is present everywhere, in every form, in every condition and even when one least expects it. True love is like a precious black pearl, it is so rare that many believe it to be a myth, but Hermia and Lysander found true love according to the following excerpt said by Lysander from A Midsummer Nights Dream. ...The†¦show more content†¦It is part of the human nature to love and be loved by a friend, a relative, or a partner. Separating the love in siblinghood and friendship is hard for people that have known each other all their lives, just as Helena justified when she asked Hermia why she deserved being mocked, trying to prod Hermia into feeling guilty. ...Sisters vows...school days friendship...our needles created both one flower...so we grew together...like a double cherry...in union in partition...one heart...our ancient love... (3.2.202-218) The friendship between Hermia and Helena were so close that it was identical to sisterhood except the fact that they did not share the same blood. The love of friendship is one of those types that no one can live without; it is as essential to life as water is. Love surrounds everyone, but when one loses the love of one they also loved, it comes as a shocking unbelievable incident, and sometimes so shocking that it is similar to a bad dream. Times like these are tough, that is when one needs the love and support that family and friends can offer. Loving one that loves one back is an easy task to accomplish, but loving them without them loving one back is a degrading, embarrassing task and only the bold, courageous, and madly in love people would do such things. The following passage was extractedShow MoreRelatedThe Theme of Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare1563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Theme of Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare In A Midsummer Nights Dream, Shakespeare presents us with multiple types of love by using numerous couples in various different situations. For example: Doting loves, the love induced by Oberons potion and in some aspects, Lysander and Hermias love for each other; there are true loves: Oberon and Titania, Lysander and Hermia (for the first half at least, as Lysanders love switches to Helena temporarily)Read MoreThe Theme of Love in A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare894 Words   |  4 PagesThe Theme of Love in A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare In the play ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ many aspects of love are explored. In this essay I will be exploring how Shakespeare conveys the theme of love including illusion, confusion, escape, harmony and lust. Historically, it has been suggested that ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ was written for a wedding, signifying the importance of love in this play, however there is no real evidence to prove thisRead MoreThe Theme of True Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare744 Words   |  3 PagesThe Theme of True Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare The overriding theme of the play A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare deals with the nature of love. Though true love seems to be held up as an ideal, false love is mostly what we are shown. Underneath his frantic comedy, Shakespeare seems to be asking the questions all lovers ask in the midst of their confusion: How do we know when love is real? How can we trust ourselves that love is real when we areRead MoreWeathering the Storms of True Love1159 Words   |  5 Pagestrue love hugging and kissing as the moon smiles down upon them, seems like the perfect situation for true love. Unfortunately, nothing could be further from the truth. Shakespeare presents the truth about true love in his comical tragedy A Midsummer Nights Dream. Lysander clearly stated loves situation when he told Hermia the course of true love never did run smooth (Griffiths 94). In some ways Lysanders declaration becomes the plays structural and thematic point by which Shakespeare usesRead MoreWillia m Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1474 Words   |  6 Pagesinstance, one could look at the movies A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Shakespeare in Love. The latter follows the life of William Shakespeare himself, everything from his love affair with Viola de Lesseps to his creation of Romeo and Juliet. A Midsummer Night’s Dream, is one of the most famous plays of Shakespeare’s, revolving around the tumultuous relationships of four lovers, aided, and sometimes thwarted by the mischief of fairies. Although Shakespeare in Love outlines a few of the characteristicsRead MoreManipulating The Supernatural : William Shakespeare s Othello And A Midsummer Night s Dream883 Words   |  4 Pagestoward people that we can relate to. Because of this Shakespeare made his characters as relatable as possible to the audience members of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century and their views on life so he could generate more recognition for his plays. Throughout Shakes peare s plays, Othello and A Midsummer Night’s Dream, he appeals to the audience by relating to their human nature. One of the major observations of human nature that Shakespeare likely made and incorporated into his plays is theRead MoreFantasy vs. Reality in a Midsummer Nights Dream Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pagesand Reality in A Midsummer Night’s Dream In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare easily blurs the lines of reality by inviting the audience into a dream. He seamlessly toys with the boundaries between fantasy and reality. Among the patterns within the play, one is controlled and ordered by a series of contrasts: the conflict of the sleeping and waking states, the interchange of reality and illusion, and the mirrored worlds of Fairy and Human. A Midsummer Nights Dream gives us insightRead MoreA Midsummer Nights Dream Essay1482 Words   |  6 PagesA Midsummer Night’s Dream: by William Shakespeare William Shakespeare was born in April 1564. He had married at the age of eighteen to a twenty-six year old woman named Anne Hathaway in 1582. He had a daughter named Susanna and twins, Judith and Hamnet. Hamnet, his only son, died at age eleven. Shakespeare died in April 1616. Despite the fact that Shakespeare wrote some thirty-seven plays, owned part of his theatrical company, acted in plays, and retired a relatively wealthy man in the cityRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream Essay854 Words   |  4 PagesA Midsummer NIght’s Dream A â€Å" Midsummer Night’s Dream† is a classical play written by William Shakespeare. It is one of his more eccentric piece of work. The play is about the struggle of love between four essential characters: Hermia, Lysander, Demetrius , and Helena. However, it is not quite that simple. The play is quite confusing. In â€Å"Midsummer Night’s dream† the play take place in two realms fairy realm and human realm, two of the three main settings. Another one of the settings take placeRead MoreA Descriptive Bibliography Of Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream 1542 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare’s â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† William Shakespeare was born April 1564 and grew up in Strafford-upon-Avon. He wrote â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† in his early years as a playwright. He also wrote the play is a mixture of romance and comedy. It tells the story of four young people who fall in love with each other with the aid of magic. Shakespeare managed to create a dream world for the audience using the characters tied to a plot filled with antics and themes that everyone can

Empirical Science Of Financial Fluctuation â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Empirical Science Of Financial Fluctuation? Answer: Introduction: The main purpose of this report is to analyse the financial performance of Caltex and BHP Billiton Petroleum which are considered as major petroleum companies across Australia. In order to analyse the financial performance, top down analysis and bottom up analysis has been performed in this report. The company analysis, industry analysis and economical analysis are vital aspects for the top down analysis which has been used in this report. The entire analysis is based on the key statistics of petroleum industry across Australia. Further, different financial ratios have been analysed for both companies on basis of 2017 data during the bottom up analysis. The different ratios like profitability, capital structure, and market performance as well as efficiency ratios have been analysed in order to compare the financial performance of two companies in this report. Industry Profile: The petroleum industry is selected for this report in order to analyse the financial performance of two companies named Caltex Australia and BHP Billiton Petroleum. Petroleum remained major energy source for Australia in 2016 followed by cola and natural gas. The production of petroleum products in Australia has been significantly increased from 2000 (APPEA, 2016). The amount of exploration has been the key factor for growth of petroleum industry in Australia. The depression within the prices of crude oil is significantly affecting activities of petroleum exploration which has also reduced overall revenues of companies due to lower expenditure on exploration. (Source: APPEA, 2016) The different amount of petroleum or its related products have been imported and exported by Australia from past several years. But due to reduction of oil production at domestic level, the country is mainly indulged in import activities. The industry is very significant for the economical conditions of Australia and provides several opportunities for petroleum companies to invest in the region (Petty et al, 2015). Australia has rich sedimentary basins, free marketing policies; competitive taxation system, closer proximity to Asia-pacific market and several are other benefits which can be provided by this industry to different companies across the globe as well as domestic level. Caltex Australia: Caltex Australia is one of the major petroleum companies listed in Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) which has equal ownership shared between Australian Shareholders and Chevron. The company was started in 1936 and was renamed as Caltex in 1968. The company is performing its business operations in above 60 countries across the globe including Southern Africa, Middle East as well as Asia-Pacific region. The main mission of the company is to be leading oil refining company mostly admired for companys performance, partnership and people (Caltex, 2017). The company is also focussed to maintain its sustained profitability with leadership in supply chain, asset and brand management by developing more opportunities under favourable business environment. The company has generated about 17,619M AUD in 2016 and has also witnessed great increase in its earnings per share which was good sign for the company in terms of its financial stability and overall profitability. BHP Billiton Petroleum: BHP Billiton Petroleum is a major Australian multinational company listed in ASE which is petroleum, metals and mining company headquartered at Melbourne in Australia. The company was established in 1885 and considered as biggest mining company of the world in terms of market values in 2016 and also fourth biggest company of Australia in terms of its overall revenues and market capitalisation. The main mission of the company is to enhance value of company by focusing on key areas including cost efficiencies, latent capacity, exploration, major projects, technology as well as onshore activities (BHP, 2017). The main organizational strategy of company to operate and own large, low cost, long life, upstream and expandable assets diversified with market, geography and commodity. The company has generated 30,912M AUD revenues in 2016 which are less as compared with past years due to variations in the prices of crude oil across the international market. The company has also witnessed reduc tion in its earnings per share which is also not good for its financial performance and may affect its economical stability in coming years. Top Down analysis: Top down analysis is significant approach for analysing the industrial and economical factors which can help organizations for their investment objectives. The specific industries are analysed using this approach that surely helps the organizations for better return on investments (Renz, 2016). The various factors can be used for analysing the true economical conditions including interest rates, exchange rates, GDP rates, productivity or energy prices for better investment strategy for the organizations like Caltex Australia and BHP Billiton Petroleum. Current GDP: From the economical data, it has been analysed that GDP of Australia was expanded about 1.8% in the last quarter of 2017. The GDP was about 2.7% in the 2015. From that, it analysed that GDP has been expanded about 1.1% which is a good sign for economical and business conditions (Brigham, 2014). As the value of GDP has been increased for the country, it will certainly enhance economical activities and will create more business opportunities for companies like Caltex Australia and BHP Billiton Petroleum. The increase in GDP of Australia is beneficial for the Companies as there is an increase in the economic activity of the country. Current rate of Interest: Interest rate plays very significant role for economical stability and enables the government to form effective monetary policies in order to enhance economical developments. The interest rate of Australia was 1.5% and 2% in years 2016 and 2016 respectively. It is analysed that reduction in interest rates will surely affect Australian currency as its value has been lowered that will create more exploration opportunities for petroleum companies (Finkler et al, 2016). The variations in economical conditions will affect interest rates and petroleum companies can take benefits of lower rates and can take more loans in order to enhance business operations. This will enable companies to purchase more drilling equipments or tools for petroleum exploration and provide several economical benefits to companies. $AUDs Current Value: From the economical statistics, the current value for one AUD is almost equal to 0.79 US Dollar. This indicates that value of US dollar is significantly high as compared with Australian Dollar. The fluctuation in value of currency will always affect petroleum industry or companies in a huge manner (Gitman et al, 2015). The price changes of crude oil at international market is also affecting overall economical conditions of petroleum companies but at the same time, is also creating more opportunities for companies in Australian market. The reduction of exchange rates is also one of factors which are affecting economical stability of petroleum companies. Current rate of Inflation: Inflation rate is also significant in analysing the economical conditions of country as due to this value of currency decreases whereas, rise in the prices for goods or services. The rate of inflation has been increased in past few months by 1.3% in last quarter of 2017 for Australia (McKinney, 2015). This is low as compared with the past inflation rates in 2015 and 2016 which were about 1.8% and 1.6% respectively. The petroleum companies like Caltex, BHP Billiton Petroleum can take benefits from these lower rates and can create more business expansion opportunities for them. It is also analysed that reduced inflation rates will also help to reduce the rate of interest rates that will create more exploration or business opportunities for petroleum companies like Caltex Australia and BHP Billiton Petroleum. There is direct impact of interest rates on the inflation and can also affect borrowing costs for long term or short term debts of the companies (Bryce, 2017). Increase in rates of interest will make companies to consider mortgages or loans accomplishing their financial needs and at the same time will also affect supply or demand for the petroleum products or services of the companies. Personal income for Disposable: The personal income disposed by the individuals remained after payment of all taxes is also one of the key indicators to measure the economical conditions for business. The present income for disposable in Australia has been increased by 123.09% from 122.52% for years 2015 to 2016. The changes have been also witnessed in income level which is about 0.46% in the present scenario which is a huge difference as compared with 1.03% in the last financial year (Armour et al, 2016). The increase in value of personal income is a good sign for the trades across the region and will create more business opportunities for petroleum companies. It is also analysed that income level of individual across Australia has been raised in significantly in past years which has encouraged petroleum companies to leverage more financial aspects for their exploration and mining activities and also enables them to create more employment opportunities in the petroleum industry (Schiavo-Campo, 2017). This will also provide skilled workforce for petroleum companies to handle their complex business operations like exploration and mining activities and at the same time, also help to expand overall business operations of Caltex Australia and BHP Billiton Petroleum within Australian region. Bottom Up analysis: Bottom up analysis is a significant approach for analysing the investment prospects for the macroeconomic business conditions of the organizations. This approach also enables investor to effectively analyse the financial performance of specific companies instead of overall industry or economy and gives them in-depth information in order to accomplish their investment objectives in more efficient manner (Campbel et al, 2016). The different financial ratios have been analysed for comparing the financial position of Caltex Australia and BHP Billiton Petroleum. (Source: Morning Star, 2017) Profitability Ratio: Overall efficiency of the companies is generally measured by the profitability ratio. Net income, operating income and operating margins are important aspects to analyse this ratio. Operating margins enable the companies to transform their sales into overall revenues. This is important criteria to evaluate performance of business operations of companies and main indicator for different creditors or investors (Henderson et al, 2015). Operating margin for Caltex is 3.5% and for BHP Billiton Petroleum is 20.2% in 2017 which indicates that BHP Billiton Petroleum has generated more revenues in 2016 and performed far better than Caltex. Operating income helps to evaluate overall profits for the companies. Operating income for Caltex is 620M AUD and for BHP Billiton Petroleum is 6,852M AUD in 2017 which indicates that BHP Billiton Petroleum was more able of payment for its debts and also gained more profits as compared to Caltex (Sweeting, 2017). Net income is also called by net profits and defines the financial stability of the companies. Net income for Caltex is 610M AUD and for BHP Billiton Petroleum is 2,488M AUD in 2017 which indicates BHP Billiton Petroleum has higher profitability ratio and has more stable financial position and performance as compared to Caltex. Efficiency Ratio: The effective use of companys assets or liabilities can be measured by the efficiency ratio. Fixed asset turnover and asset turnover ratio are important aspects of efficiency ratios. The investment returns obtained by companies is determined with help of fixed assets turnover (Burton and Brown, 2014). This ratio for Caltex is 6.66 and for BHP Billiton Petroleum is 0.41 in 2017 which indicates that BHP Billiton Petroleum is not able to effectively uses its assets as compared to Caltex which is not a positive sign for BHP Billiton Petroleum for its financial market. The amount of revenues generated from companys assets is effectively determined from asset turnover ratio. Asset turnover ratio for Caltex is 3.39 and for BHP Billiton Petroleum is 0.29 in 2017 which indicates that BHP Billiton Petroleum has lower turnover ratio for its assets that also represents that business operations of BHP Billiton Petroleum is less efficient as compared to Caltex on basis of different efficiency ratios (Weygandt et al, 2015). Capital Structure: The ratio which enables the companies to determine financial leverage for their investment and also defines financial position of companies in case investment is not done in appropriate manner is called as capital structure. Debt / equity ratio and gearing ratio are important aspects to analyse the capital structure for the companies (DRURY, 2013). Debt / equity ratio for Caltex is 0.25 and for BHP Billiton Petroleum is 0.54 in 2017 which indicate that Caltex is in better financial position for equity dependency of its shareholders as compared to BHP Billiton Petroleum. The financial leverages for the companies are determined from the gearing ratios. This also helps to determine amount of finance done by the companies on their overall assets. Gearing ratio for Caltex is 1.90 and for BHP Billiton Petroleum is 2.11 which indicates that BHP Billiton Petroleum has invested more on its assets and has better financial leverage as compared to Caltex (Kaplan, 2014). This also signifies that more shareholders are willing to invest in BHP Billiton Petroleum as compared to Caltex which indicates that financial performance of BHP Billiton Petroleum is far better than its competitor Caltex in the petroleum industry. Market Performance: The present share prices for the companies help to analyse their market performance at both domestic as well as global level. Earnings per share (EPS), Dividend per share (DPS), payout ratio as well as book value per share are important aspects to analyse the market performance of the companies. The ratio of net income with respect to average outstanding shares is defined by EPS (Takayasu, 2013). The distribution of profits will be better for the companies in case of higher value for EPS. EPS for Caltex is 4.63 and for BHP Billiton Petroleum is 0.93 in 2017 which indicates that Caltex has higher value for EPS as compared to BHP Billiton Petroleum that also signifies that Caltex will efficiently distribute its profits within the marketplace (Coleman, 2016). The amount of dividends will be received by the investors from companies is mainly determined from the dividend per share (DPS). DPS for Caltex is 2.51M AUD and for BHP Billiton Petroleum is 1.56M AUD in 2017 which indicates that Caltex has paid higher dividends to its different investors that also signifies better market performance of Caltex as compared to BHP Billiton Petroleum (Ledgerwood et al, 2013). The amount of net income distributed by the companies among all their shareholders is analysed using the payout ratios. The sustainability for market performance is indicated the payout ratios. Payout ratio for Caltex is 54.1% and for BHP Billiton Petroleum is 64.5% in 2017 which indicates that dividend distribution capability of BHP Billiton Petroleum is better than Caltex and also signifies that BHP Billiton Petroleum will be in better position to pay dividends to their shareholders and determines amount of stakes sold to stakeholders by companies (Taylor, 2013). The adequate business valuation of companies as compared with their competitors in same industry is analysed using the book value / share. The outstanding shares for stocks are effectively related with their shareholders using the book value / share (Zeff, 2016). BVS for Caltex is 15.97 and for BHP Billiton Petroleum are 21.29 in 2017 which indicates that BHP Billiton Petroleum has higher value for BVS as compared to Caltex which also signifies that market performance of BHP Billiton Petroleum is far better that Caltex and also has higher market capitalisation (Danthine and Donaldson, 2014). Comparative Analysis: From the above discussion and measuring different financial ratios, it has been analysed that there is a huge increment of overall assets for BHP Billiton Petroleum as compared to Caltex in 2017. The company has earned higher profits as compared to different competitors in the petroleum industry. BHP Billiton Petroleum has higher value for different profitability ratios in 2017 which also indicates better financial performance of the company in 2017 (Horowitz, 2014). The amount of revenues generation, operating margins, net income and other factors has also indicated that financial performance of BHP Billiton Petroleum is far better than Caltex in the international as well as domestic market and also has strong market capitalisation. Recommendations: From the report, it is concluded that investor will prefer to invest their money in BHP Billiton Petroleum as compared to Caltex on the basis of their financial performance in 2017. It is analysed that market capitalisation of Caltex is far behind than BHP Billiton Petroleum in 2017 which is not suitable for investors or other creditors. The financial figures has also signified that Asset turnover ratio for Caltex is 3.39 and for BHP Billiton Petroleum is 0.29 in 2017 which indicates that BHP Billiton Petroleum that company has not efficiently used its assets in order to enhance its financial performance (Greenbaum et al, 2015). This signifies that BHP Billiton Petroleum needs to raise more funds from their equities in order to enhance their profitability level. The company also needs to focus on use of their assets in efficient manner that will also help the company to generate more revenues in coming financial years. Further, it is also analysed from this report that profitability level of companies are surely affected from different economic factors that can also hamper their financial performance. Both companies as discussed in this report are major petroleum companies in Australia. The amounts of profit for companies are also affected from increased value for interest rates (Bascom, 2016). From the different financial ratios, it is also concluded that financial performance, capital structure as well as profitability level of BHP Billiton Petroleum is far better than Caltex in both domestic as well as international marketplace. References: APPEA (2016) Key Statistics. [Online]. Available at: https://www.appea.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Key-Stats_2016.pdf (Accessed: 15 September, 2017). Armour, J., Awrey, D., Davies, P., Enriques, L., Gordon, J., Mayer, C. and Payne, J. (2016) Principles of financial regulation.UK: Oxford University Press. Bascom, W. (2016) The economics of financial reform in developing countries.USA: Springer. BHP (2017) About Us. [Online]. Available at: https://www.bhp.com/our-approach/our-company/about-us (Accessed: 15 September, 2017). Brigham, E. (2014) Financial management theory and practice.AU: Atlantic Publishers Distri. Bryce, H. (2017) Financial and strategic management for nonprofit organizations.UK: Walter de Gruyter GmbH Co KG. Burton, M. and Brown, B. (2014) The financial system and the economy: Principles of money and banking.UK: Routledge. Caltex (2017) About Us. [Online]. Available at: https://www.caltex.com.au/our-company#show-menu (Accessed: 15 September, 2017). Campbell, J., Jardine, A. and McGlynn, J. (2016) Asset management excellence: optimizing equipment life-cycle decisions.USA: CRC Press. Coleman, W. (2016) Financial services, globalization and domestic policy change.USA: Springer. Danthine, J. and Donaldson, J. (2014) Intermediate financial theory.UK: Academic press. DRURY, C. (2013) Management and cost accounting.USA: Springer. Finkler, S., Smith, D., Calabrese, T. and Purtell, R. (2016) Financial management for public, health, and not-for-profit organizations. AU: CQ Press. Gitman, L., Juchau, R. and Flanagan, J. (2015) Principles of managerial finance.AU: Pearson Higher Education. Greenbaum, S., Thakor, A. and Boot, A. (2015) Contemporary financial intermediation.UK: Academic Press. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B. (2015) Issues in financial accounting. AU: Pearson Higher Education. Horowitz, N. (2014) Art of the deal: Contemporary art in a global financial market.USA: Princeton University Press. Kaplan, J. (2014) Financial markets and the economy.UK: Jay Kaplan. Ledgerwood, J., Earne, J. and Nelson, C. (2013) The new microfinance handbook: A financial market system perspective.USA: World Bank Publications. McKinney, J. (2015) Effective financial management in public and nonprofit agencies.UK: ABC-CLIO. Morning star (2017) BHP Billiton Ltd ADR. [Online]. Available at: https://financials.morningstar.com/ratios/r.html?t=BHPregion=usaculture=en-US (Accessed: 15 September, 2017). Morning star (2017) Caltex Australia Ltd ADR. [Online]. Available at: https://financials.morningstar.com/ratios/r.html?t=CTXAY (Accessed: 15 September, 2017). Petty, J., Titman, S., Keown, A., Martin, P., Martin, J. and Burrow, M. (2015) Financial management: Principles and applications. AU: Pearson Higher Education. Renz, D. (2016) The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management.USA: John Wiley Sons. Schiavo-Campo, S. (2017) Government Budgeting and Expenditure Management: Principles and International Practice.UK: Taylor Francis. Sweeting, P. (2017) Financial enterprise risk management.UK: Cambridge University Press. Takayasu, H. (2013) Empirical science of financial fluctuations: The advent of econophysics.USA: Springer Science Business Media. Taylor, J. (2013) Getting off track: How government actions and interventions caused, prolonged, and worsened the financial crisis.UK: Hoover Press. Weygandt, J., Kimmel, P. and Kieso, D. (2015) Financial Managerial Accounting.USA: John Wiley Sons. Zeff, S. (2016) Forging accounting principles in five countries: A history and an analysis of trends. UK: Routledge.

Career Essay Example Career as a Gunsmith - Bestessay4u.com

Career as a Gunsmith Gunsmiths are, perhaps, one of the oldest serving professionals in America today.   Since around the early eighteenth century with the manufacture of the Flintlock Fowlers (Grinsdale), with some asserting the existence of gunsmithing in the seventeenth century as well (Cramer), the profession has been ever present in the US, lately, with courses being offered at universities and hands on learning experience available through apprenticeships. Gunsmithing basically entails the repairing and modification of firearms, which can be customer specific as well, and it requires certain skills that will be discussed below. I am, personally, interested in firearms and their modification, and will, in all probability choose the career of a gunsmith based on the educational requirements thereof. The research I have done on it reinforces my belief that this is a good career for me to choose, some of this research is used to write this paper and, thus, to shed some light on gunsmithing. There are a number of schools that offer diplomas and degree programs, the latter normally 2 years in duration, in gunsmithing; the courses offered include metallurgy, algebra, drafting and ballistics. The cost of such courses varies considerably depending on which type of course and institute one enrolls in, with an institute offering a course for $699 (Foley-Belsaw). These courses include lessons in gun fitting, metalworking, bluing and Parkerizing guns, etc.   The option to choose an apprenticeship and training on the job instead of enrolling in the courses is available, however, it is required that the prospective gunsmiths have some knowledge of woodwork, metalwork and technical drawing, because gunsmithing involves many tasks that require knowledge thereof. Additionally, it is important for the gunsmith to have steady hands, be precise and give attention to detail, as gunsmithing requires precision. North Carolina’s job market has quite some room for gunsmiths, with many established gunsmiths to choose from. A cursory glance at the Yellow Pages shows that there are many gunsmiths operating in North Carolina where an aspiring gunsmith can go for hiring and training. The salary of the gunsmith depends upon the years of his/her experience; however, as per a Survey (ERI) gunsmiths can earn more than $40,000/- per year. It is important to note that most, if not all, entry level gunsmithing jobs start from a lot less (around $18,000/- per year), with an hourly rate of $10 to $15 on average (PayScale). There is no clear room for advancement as most gunsmiths are small run operations; however, the experience that a gunsmith gains during his/her employment can be later utilized in setting up a personal business. What makes gunsmithing more appealing is the fact that there is a steady demand for gunsmiths, ensuring that reputable craftsmen will find jobs in the market. The job benefits depend upon the place of employment: gunsmiths working in sports stores will mostly have access to benefits like health insurance, paid vacations and retirement funds, however, self employed gunsmiths will have no such benefits given to them, and will, for instance, have to pay for health insurance themselves. Since there is a lot of grinding and sawing to be done in gunsmithing, be it involving woodwork or metalwork, there is a risk of respiratory diseases; however, this can be overcome by taking appropriate precautionary measures. The test firing is also noisy, but again the required safety procedures have minimized the risk involved therein as well. Most of the work is indoors, involving dealing with customers and working in the workshop. Altogether, gunsmithing is a very interesting career, and attracts me because, not only does it have a steady job market, but the work entailed is interesting. The modern safety precautions have minimized the risks once associated with the work, thereby increasing its draw. I was not aware that it was such a well-paying job – something I learned during this research. For all these reasons, and my personal interest therein, I intend on becoming a gunsmith. Works Cited Cramer, Clayton E. â€Å"Counting Gunsmiths in Early America.† Shotgun News 1 May 2005: 24-25. Print. Grinsdale, Tom. Flintlock Fowlers: The First Guns Made in America. Texarkana, TX: Scurlock Publishing Company, 2005. Print. â€Å"Gunsmith Job Description, Career as a Gunsmith, Salary, Employment Definition and Nature of the Work, Education and Training Requirements, Getting the Job.† Careers.StateUniversity.com. StateUniversity, n.d. Web. 4 January 2010. http://careers.stateuniversity.com/pages/564/Gunsmith.html â€Å"Median Hourly Rate by Years Experience – Job: Gunsmith.† PayScale. PayScale, Inc., 1 January 2010. Web. 4 January 2010. http://www.payscale.com/research/US/Job=Gunsmith/Hourly_Rate â€Å"Personal Services Salary Survey.† ERI. Economic Research Institute, n.d. Web. 4 January 2010. http://salary-surveys.erieri.com/content/Personal_Services_Salary_Survey/Gunsmith_2474/US_National.htm â€Å"Tuition and Payment Plans.† The Foley-Belsaw Institute. Foley-Belsaw Company, n.d. Web. 4 January 2010. http://www.gunsmithingschool.com/courses/gunsmithing/tuition_plans.html â€Å"What Does a Gunsmith Do?† DegreeDirectory.org. DegreeDirectory, n.d. Web. 4 January 2010. http://degreedirectory.org/articles/What_Does_a_Gunsmith_Do.html So How Can We Assist You with Your College Homework? Having read everything, there’s no reason you should doubt our ability to give you genuine college homework help. Waiting is just delaying the decision we know you’ll finally make. So simply give us a call.

Economics Term Paper

Economics Term Paper Economic term papers are of many kinds and are written for various aspects of economics such as economic factors, economics stability, economic policies, economic growth, state of economy, economic reforms, economic volumes, economic strategy, economic planning economic programs, domestic economic situation, elements of economics, economics deviation, economy division, socioeconomic policies, economic propensity and industrial development, economic causes, macroeconomics, microeconomics and many others. For all kinds of economics term paper topics, economics term papers are assigned to students who are expected to write exceptionally well on those topics according to their gained knowledge and information related to economic term papers. At that time, the question asked by the students is how to write an economics term paper. For example, your are asked to write an economics term paper keeping in view the economic factors involved in slow economic growth in an underdeveloped country. You will include information such as problem of population explosion, inadequacy of transport and credit system, backward agriculture, lack of capital, lack of technical know-how, lack of effective demand and unbalanced economy in your term paper on economics. All the headings that are highlighted in the above sentence can be divided into sections of economic term paper. Each heading should contain relevant information according to the heading allocated for it in the economics term papers. For example for the topic of problem of population explosion in your economics term paper, you will start the heading of economic term paper as: The population pressures in under-developed countries have been increasing at a faster rate. The adverse effects of the increasing population may be summed up as follows: It aggravates the food problem, worsens, the unemployment situation, adds to the number of unproductive consumers, keeps down per capita income and the level of living and labour efficiency and militates against capital formation. In all these and many other ways the rapid rate of population growth in the ‘your selected underdeveloped country has been acting as a drag on economic progress and has slowed down the pace of economic development. You can write an economic term paper with a clear introduction, conclusion and the descriptive sections that are properly justified with your personal arguments along with standard authorial remarks from various researchers, articles, books, journal entries and news briefings. An economic term paper should be written by keeping in consideration the format of introduction in the beginning and conclusion in the end and the middle part should contain information related to your findings and your arguments. If you feel problematic while writing an economic term paper visit some tips how to write a term paper on our blog, or you can buy term paper on Economics from a well-reputed company, which writes term paper on economics. Our custom writing service can provide college and university students with 100% non-plagiarized essays, term papers, research papers, thesis papers and dissertation in Economics. Here is a list of the most popular Economics essay topics: 1. International Economics 2. Economics why are resouces scare? 3. The Economic Legacy of Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Plan to End the Great Depression 4. Macroeconomic and Microeconomic Forecasts 5. The Effects of Economics and Education on Family Size 6. The Economics of The Slave Trade 7. Outline the economic costs of unemployment, and outline and evaluate policies designed to correct for two different types of unemployment. 8. U.S. Economics in the 1930s 9. The Link Between Keynesian Economics and the airline industry 10. The Economics of Labour Markets 11. Economics and Freedom of Choice 12. The Modern Economics of Business 13. Japan’s economic crisis during the 1990s 14. Economics in Argentina 15. Economics of Offshore Support in the Software Industry 16. Third World economics in Nepal 17. Economics Budget Outcomes 18. Farming Economics in the Late 1800s 19. What is the economic effect of illicit drug use in England and Wales? 20. Korean Economic Crisis 21. World Economic Crisis

Voter Identification Legislation and Mediation Assignment

Voter Identification Legislation and Mediation - Assignment Example Such a situation calls for a mediation party to step in and resolve the matter. One of the famous mediation initiatives in the history of America involved Holder stepping in to address the rights of voting. The Holder Jr. mediation had the minority voters and poor people vs. the Justice Department were the primary parties as the issue involved the two with the Justice Department doing injustice to the minority voters. In this case, Attorney Holder Jr. stepped in to address the minorities voting groups claims that the Justice Department had made it harder for them to participate in the voting exercise (Savage, 2011). In his mediation process, Holder promised these voting groups that new laws on elections had to be enacted and the laws will be in such a way that they will not discriminate any voting group. To achieve this, he had to hear out the side of the Justice Department as they played a role in enacting such laws. Holder went ahead to suggest that new discrimination laws patterns had to be put in place for the best interests of the nation. According to him, the main reason for such conflicts was the manner in which race had continued to possess many officials serving the state. The Justice Department was also accused of standing in the way of the meeting that was to take place in Louisiana parish which excluded officeholders that were black (Savage, 2011). This showed that the Justice Department was the main cause of this conflict. Holder went ahead to point out that such kinds of fraud were witnessed too infrequently to be used as a basis for this discrimination. The end result was that the states that had been affected by this issue ended up adopting registration systems for voters that were not cumbersome and allowed every citizen to exercise their basic right. Mediation proved to be the best means of settling the above conflict as the only way out was facilitate an agreement between the Justice Department and the minority voters groups.     

The Relationship between Colonists and Native Americans Assignment

The Relationship between Colonists and Native Americans - Assignment Example It will show that history can reflect the time it is written in, and that word choice and grammar can influence the reader's attitude toward the subject. The overwhelming attitude towards Native Americans is, in the earliest extract (1877), one of hatred and violence. Words like savage and hostile abound, amongst descriptions of the Native American attack on Jamestown and other settlements as massacre, murder and exterminate (in-class exercise). The author writes that his contemporaries are fighting against Native Americans in Arizona and Montana (the Apache Attacks and Nez Perce War), which is almost something the reader does not need to be told, given how intense and hateful this piece seems. There is no mention of Native American culture, although the author does (begrudgingly) admit that the tribes could build shelters, grow crops, and hunt. Any reference to an exchange between European and Native American culture is hidden in whining laments that Native Americans appear to be in nately hostile to European culture, called here 'civilization'. By contrast, the 1885 piece comes across as slightly less impassioned. Whereas the 1877 text ends by saying that it is certain that Native Americans will have disappeared from the American continent within a few years, the 1885 text expresses hopes that the Native Americans will be 'Christianized' rather than dying out. The 1885 piece attempts to be fairer to the indigenous tribes, but still makes incorrect assumptions, such as the 'fact' that Native Americans lived very simplistic and uncivilized lifestyles. Non-neutral language is used to claim that the Native Americans were inferior to the settlers in the fields of arts and inventions, progress and education, disposition, and religion, and had been since their collision with European culture two hundred years before. The only area in which Native Americans are not lesser is 'endurance,' yet this achievement is still couched in terminology which makes these people see m not quite human. It is easy to suspect that the writers of the textbook 'knew' this through experience. The two extracts from nineteenth-century textbooks neither mention individuals, whether European or Native American nor refer to any sort of cultural exchange. Admittedly, this would be hard given that neither text admits the existence of a Native American culture. Nor does either piece suggest any possible explanation for the failure of the Jamestown settlement other than Native American savagery. Therefore these earliest passages reflect the real-life hostilities occurring at the time between Europeans and Native Americans. The Apache Attacks lasted until 1900 when the last fighting tribe surrendered, so it is understandable – if despicable – that the textbooks adhered to the image of Native Americans as an enemy which must be destroyed. It is more difficult to completely exterminate an enemy if there is evidence of the enemy's humanity, or that a valuable part o f human cultural history might be lost in their destruction, so it makes sense that contemporary textbooks were unconcerned with these subjects. The 1927 text is the first to recognize that at least some of the Native American tribes were fairly advanced and cultured.  

Explaining exceptions to Dollo’s Law

Explaining exceptions to Dollo’s Law Explaining exceptions to Dollo’s Law a review of the concepts of constraint and contingency. In 1890 Louis Dollo a Belgian palaeontologist, came up with the theory that evolution is irreversible, expanding on the work of Edgar Quinet, a historian who had first pondered this theory (Chopra Rogers, 2013) . Thus explaining that the constraint of evolution that it is irreversible and if certain traits are lost this effects the contingency of evolution, thus past changes having an effect on the present and future of the species, this could by chance may or may not have an effect on the re-evolution of certain traits. The theory states that evolution is irreversible because of the structures and functions lost in the line of evolution cannot return in the lineages that they were once lost in e.g tails in our monkey like ancestors. This therefore suggests that genes formally required to code for adaptive traits during selection pressures will become non-functional when selection pressure is low or non-existent (Marshall, et al., 1994). The repercussions of this are that any trait coded by these genes will be lost forever and cannot ever occur again in the same lineage according to Dollo’s law (Marshall, et al., 1994). In recent times many papers have been published that have disputed this law. There has been some work done on seeing if the constraints of evolution hinder further adaptation and whether this can either facilitate or hinder the re-emergence of the original/ancestral trait (Yedid et al. 2008). This essay will look at some of the cases where this law potentially does not apply and discuss how relevant Dollo’s law is in biology, and if it is relevant at which point does the law either become to ambiguous or too specific. We will discuss Dollo’s law at two different bases; the Genetic and Morphological. Under Dollo’s law the genetic basis of this is that if a gene is lost due to natural selection and bred out of a population, the trait coded by the gene is lost and cannot be regained in the same lineage over evolutionary time. A Study to test the genetics of Dollo’s law was tested on the genome coding for the sex combs in Drosophila bipectinata and its close relative Drosophila malerkotliana (Seher, et al., 2012). The study found that some the genes that code for sex comb may alter the structures dramatically (even in a single inversion) and some that had multiple inversions of the chromosomal structure which had no difference in the sex comb morphology. They then suggested that Dollo’s law should follow molecular pathways rather than just the genes that code for them. This is due to many genes being regulatory genes, which can sometimes when activated; open up many pathways to code for different cellular processes. This can then have an effect in gene expressio n and therefore a trait previously lost in evolutionary time is now being expressed due to these â€Å"nexus† regulatory genes (Seher, et al., 2012). The can be demonstrated in another experiment where mouse inductive signals that gave rise to stem cells providing teeth, where cultured with graphs of chick oral dermis. The result found that the Chicks oral tissue actually started to form enamel organs and even in some case small malformed teeth (Marshall, et al., 1994). In a review published by Bull Charnov it says that In relation to irreversibility there are two generalisation from there analysis. 1) â€Å"selection of intermediate phenotypes is critical to evolutionary transitions whenever the two phenotypes are so different that multiple mutations are required to change from one to another† (Bull Charnov, 1985) , and 2) â€Å"a second principle common to several examples is that the genome may progressively accommodate a character state the loner it is maintaine d† (Bull Charnov, 1985). These two generalities the summary was that irreversible evolution is founded on the dependence of the biological details of the system, with some more general rules that apply at a much less focused level. The constraints with looking at the genetic level are that we are looking literally â€Å"under the microscope† and it is fine picking each detail of gene selection and deletion and applying this to Dollo’s law. But as said before genes can take many pathways due to nexes regulatory genes, so who is to say that a feature i.e. eyes lost in a cave fish (speaking hypothetically) came back in a recent form but using different genes to cause the eye. Is this against Dollo’s law? Or because of the different genetic pathway it is just a natural progression in evolution. Using morphology as a basis with regards to Dollo’s law it states that any morphological trait that is lost in a lineage cannot ever be re-expressed for example the hind legs in cetaceans. We cannot talk about morphological exceptions to Dollo’s rule without mentioning Atavism. Atavism by definition is a revision/reappearance to an ancestral characteristic previously lost in the evolutionary pathway (Biology-online, 2012). Atavisms arise normally due to a gene recombination or a gene mutation that enables a previous trait to be expressed (Hall, 2010). Hind leg extension in vertebrates has been well documented. In a study by Bejder Hall, they mention atavisms and the development of limb bud in cetaceans, snakes and legless lizards (Bejder Hall, 2002). They aren’t as rare as one might think this is due to all these animal species having being evolved from limbed ancestors, and as previously mentioned that genes can code for a multiple of different functions. Atav isms in whales normally occur in the rudiments of the pelvic girdle, the best case of this has been found in sperm and blue whales. The incident rate of atavisms in adult sperm whales is about 1:5000 (Bejder Hall, 2002). In the Individuals found the atavisms skeletal processes are found to be almost complete, even both hind limb have been found in a female humpback whale when normally present is cartilaginous femur (Bejder Hall, 2002). Because these vestigial limbs actually have no function can these actually be considered against Dollo’s law? Or because that previously forgotten traits are being expressed does that counter Dollo’s law? Another morphological feature that contracts Dollo’s is re-evolution of shell coiling in gastropods (Collin Cipriani, 2003). The trait was thought to have died out around 10mya but a study has shown that It can be re-evolved using the same genes that gastropods has at that time. There are two hypothesis put forward by this ide a; either that genes that signal for shell coiling have a number of function have been kept in there entirety, or that Trochita has developed a new pathway to gain the coiling trait completely different to its ancestor (Collin Cipriani, 2003). There has been evidence to support the second theory due to the coiling being superficially different to other gastropod species (Collin Cipriani, 2003). Finally an example that is a little closer to home is that there is new evidence of muscle reversions in the primate phylogeny. There have been 220 character state changes that are optimised in the parsimonious 28 of there have been evolutionary reversions, 6 of these have through evolution have contributed to human musculature and 9 of these have directly gone against Dollo’s law (Diogo Wood, 2012). The one particular case of violating of Dollo’s law for muscle reversion is in the subtribe hominina. In this case both the rhomboideus major and rhomboideus minor muscle are fou nd in an ancestral clade. This was then lost and the Rhomboidus muscles became the more distinct muscle in the Cercopithecinae, the ancestral muscle formation then has re-appeared in the Hominina there by going against Dollo’s law (Diogo Wood, 2012). this constant muscle evolution and re evolution causing the muscle to constantly re configure in primate to truly go against Dollo’s law at both eh morphological and genetic level there must be the same genetic pathways and selection pressures present to make this change a selective and adaptive advantage to truly call this change re-evolution. In summary to this review all of the studies all show great strengths and flaws with the methods and rules abided by in Dollo’s law. Constraints and contingency way heavily on if Dollo’s law is applied, because pathways may be constrained but if they actually help the re evolution of a trait there still may not be a selection pressure for these and this does not apply with the constraints of evolution, there-fore if there is no selection to me it feels like a random mutation with no beneficial attributes to the animal’s evolution. Law I feel is a strong word to use because with law there needs to be the same degree of lenience with this. This is due to papers on the genetic level saying that if the same pathways are used this means that this is against Dollo’s law, but if the same trait appears again but using a different pathway this does not, even if the new trait is a functional advantage. I believe the only way that a species can truly re-evolve traits is that the trait that has been re-evolved needs to be on a functional basis. The functional basis is that under Dollo’s law even if a limb has arisen That limb would need to be functional i.e. have a selection pressure causing this to be an advantage evolutionally. This is the only way that I can see of being able to out rightly say if something is against Dollo’s law. Word count: 1565 References : Bejder, L. Hall, B., 2002. Limbs in whales and limblessness in other vertebrates: mechanisms of evolutionary and developmental transformation and loss. Evolution Development, 4(6), pp. 445-458. Biology-Online 2014. Atavism definition from Biology-Online.org. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Atavism. [Accessed 27 February 2014]. Bull, J. Charnov, E., 1985. On Irreversible Evolution. Evolution, 39(5), pp. 1149-1155. Chopra, S. Rogers, K., 2013. Dollos law (biology) Encyclopedpia Britanica. [Online] Available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/168293/Dollos-law [Accessed 24 febuary 2014]. Collin, R. Cipriani, R., 2003. Dollos Law and the re-evolution of shell coiling. Proceeding of the royal society of biological sciences, pp. 2551-2555. Diogo, R. Wood, B., 2012. Violation of Dollos Law: Evidence of muscle reversions in primate phylogeny and their implications for understanding iof ther intigeny evolution, and anatomical variations of modern humans. Evolution, 66(10), pp. 3267-3276. Hall, B., 2010. Atavisms. [Online] Available at: yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.elementaab2/main.pdf [Accessed 27 02 2014]. Marshall, C., Raff, E. Raff, R., 1994. Dollos law and the death and resurrection of genes. Proceeding Of The Natural Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America, Volume 91, pp. 12283-12287. Seher, T. et al., 2012. Genetic Basis of a Violation of Dollo’s Law: Re-Evolution of Rotating Sex Combs. Genetics, 192(2), pp. 1465-1475. Yedid, G., C. A. Ofria, and R. E. Lenski., 2008. â€Å"Historical and Contingent Factors Affect Re-Evolution of a Complex Feature Lost during Mass Extinction in Communities of Digital Organisms.† Journal of Evolutionary Biology 21, no 5. pp 1335-1357.

Kung Bushman Essay -- essays research papers

The !Kung Bushman Most contemporary foraging groups, such as the !Kung and other Bushman tribes, are viewed as a â€Å"primitive† people. Some have even gone as far to say that they are â€Å"the last representatives of the stone age.† While it is true that these people have the most similar culture to what we believe primitive persons to have had, the analogies they can provide us with the people of the past are very inaccurate. These comparisons are so unrivaled due to factors such as time and the wrong sense of view many people have on them. Another reason that we cannot compare the !Kung of today to the people of the past is because they are now advancing in society with the use of technology. I believe that the !Kung tribe is not comparable to the early people of their culture and that they are just the same as us minus our technology, which in no way makes them ‘primitive’ people. First of all, every culture varies in traditions over time. According to Shostak, it is t rue that the !Kung people still have traditions that have been passed down for hundreds of generations such as their poison arrows, their trance ritual, their wide knowledge of over five hundred species of plants and animals—knowing which are edible, harmful, cosmetic, and medical. Who are we to say that these traditions have not been altered in the past ten thousand years? Howell declares that the !Kung were a very studied group including their language, culture, and economic organization. Although they have been extensively studied, Howell also proclaims, â€Å"It is surely illegitimate to use them as though they are the prototypical hunter-gatherers, knowledge of whom tells us all we need to know in order to apply the ethnographic analogy to models of prehistoric life.† Wild, maniac, unsophisticated, uneducated, vulgar†¦these are all words that come to mind when I think of prehistoric or primitive. Obviously the !Kung tribe have grown with the rest of society. How are we to say what the differences of prehistoric life was to the modern day !Kung tribes? Human error would play a huge role in our â€Å"assumptions† of the !Kung. For example, we might turn around to be just as wrong as the article of the Nacirema. Obviously, there is already a misconception about the bushman. For example, in McNeil’s essay, he comments on how a woman was speaking to a bushman and demanded to see one. When he explained ... ...† The bushman are pretending to be people they are not, giving the tourists what they want. This also gives tourists the wrong impression and significantly aids in the ignorance of the !Kung. This would be devastating to their culture. Culture, after all, is associated with the changes a society goes through over time. If these ‘prisons’ were to be set up, the culture would be forced and therefore in no way a comparison to early persons. Obviously, the !Kung have a very unique culture compared to how we live our lives. They in no way, however, represent what the culture of early persons to have. They have their own culture, unique to their society, and like ours†¦ever changing. What most people consider â€Å"primitive† is an ethnocentric remark to the difference of their culture to ours. The !Kung just have their very own technology, which is very efficient seeing that they survived this long. Due to time, ignorance, and the bushman’s leanin g towards our methods, they in no way can be compared to early people by means of their culture. The !Kung Bushmen are living their own lives now, in the present, therefore they can be in no way considered ‘people of the past.’ Word Count: 1024